{ "cells": [ { "cell_type": "markdown", "id": "32517bb8", "metadata": {}, "source": [ "# Leibniz vs. Newton\n", "* [Leibniz–Newton calculus controversy - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leibniz%E2%80%93Newton_calculus_controversy)\n", "* [Madhava series - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_series) (https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madhava_series&oldid=1141010090)\n", " - (c.1340–c.1425) [Madhava of Sangamagrama - Wikipedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhava_of_Sangamagrama)" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 1, "id": "4ee8651c-e30f-44c2-a891-f8ae0f059452", "metadata": {}, "outputs": [ { "name": "stdout", "output_type": "stream", "text": [ "Collecting lxml\n", " Using cached lxml-5.2.2-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl.metadata (3.4 kB)\n", "Using cached lxml-5.2.2-cp311-cp311-manylinux_2_28_x86_64.whl (5.0 MB)\n", "Installing collected packages: lxml\n", "Successfully installed lxml-5.2.2\n" ] } ], "source": [ "!pip install -U lxml" ] }, { "cell_type": "code", "execution_count": 2, "id": "78a1586d", "metadata": { "tags": [] }, "outputs": [ { "data": { "text/html": [ "
\n", " | No. | \n", "Series | \n", "Name | \n", "Western discoverers of the series and approximate dates of discovery[6] | \n", "
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | \n", "1 | \n", "sin x = x − x3/3! + x5/5! − x7/7! + ... | \n", "Madhava's sine series | \n", "Isaac Newton (1669) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1676) | \n", "
1 | \n", "2 | \n", "cos x = 1 − x2/2! + x4/4! − x6/6! + ... | \n", "Madhava's cosine series | \n", "Isaac Newton (1669) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1676) | \n", "
2 | \n", "3 | \n", "arctan x = x − x3/3 + x5/5 − x7/7 + ... | \n", "Madhava's series for arctangent | \n", "James Gregory (1671) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1673) | \n", "
3 | \n", "4 | \n", "π/4 = 1 − 1/3 + 1/5 − 1/7 + ... | \n", "Madhava's formula for π | \n", "James Gregory (1671) and Wilhelm Leibniz (1673) | \n", "